The Communist Party of China (CPC), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party The ruling party or governing party in a parliamentary system is the political party or coalition of the majority in parliament. Within a parliamentary system, the majority in the legislature also controls the executive branch of government, thus leaving no possibility of dueling parties concurrently occupying the executive and legislative of the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible (PRC). It is the world's largest political party A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often espouse an expressed ideology or vision bolstered by a written platform with specific goals, forming a coalition among.

While not a governing body recognized by the PRC's constitution The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the highest law within the People's Republic of China. The current version was adopted by the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004. Three previous state constitutions—those of 1954, 1975, and 1978--were superseded in turn. The,^[1] the CPC's position as the supreme political authority and power in the PRC is realized through its control of all state apparatuses and of the legislative process.^[2]

The Communist Party A political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of communism through a communist form of government. The name originates from the 1848 tract Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels of China was founded in May 1921 in Shanghai, and came to rule all of mainland China Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China on the Asian mainland. This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau in 1949 after defeating its rival the Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition. The war represented an ideological split between the Western-supported Nationalist KMT and the Soviet-supported Communist CPC. In the People's Republic of China the war is more commonly known. The CPC claimed 75.93 million members^[3] on 9 October 2009 which constitutes 5.6% of the total population of mainland China Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China on the Asian mainland. This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Organization

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a violent mass movement that resulted in social, political, and economic upheaval in the People’s Republic of China starting in 1966 and ending officially with Mao's death in 1976. It resulted in nation-wide chaos and economic disarray and stagnation and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping listen (simplified Chinese: 邓小平; traditional Chinese: 鄧小平; pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the, who subsequently initiated "Socialism with Chinese characteristics "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" (simplified Chinese: 具有中国特色的社会主义; traditional Chinese: 具有中國特色的社會主義; pinyin: Jùyǒu Zhōngguó tèsè de shèhuìzhǔyì; Pronunciation ) is an official term for the economy of the People's Republic of China which as of 2009 consists of the state having" and brought all state apparatuses back under the rule of the CPC.

Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China The National Congress of the Communist Party of China is a party congress that is held about once every five years. The National Congress is theoretically the highest body within the Communist Party of China, but in practice important decisions are made before the meeting. Since 1987 the National Congress has always been held in the months of, which meets at least once every five years. The primary organization of power in the Communist Party which is detailed in the party constitution The Constitution of the Communist Party of China (traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨章程; simplified Chinese: 中国共产党章程) has 53 Articles and includes contents of General Program, Membership, Organization System, Central Organizations, Local Organizations, Primary Organizations, Party Cadres, Party Discipline, Party Organs for include:

• Central Committee The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , formerly as Central Executive Committee (中央执行委员会; Zhongyang Zhixing Weiyuanhui) before 1927, is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China elected by the Party National Congresses. The Central Committee has about 300 members and nominally appoints the Politburo of, which includes:
  • The Politburo Standing Committee The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 people, usually men, and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. The inner workings of the PSC are not well known, although it is believed that decisions of the PSC are made by consensus. Formally the, which currently consists of nine members; see current members of the Politburo Standing Committee The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 people, usually men, and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. The inner workings of the PSC are not well known, although it is believed that decisions of the PSC are made by consensus. Formally the for a complete list.
  • The Politburo The Politburo of the Communist Party of China (also "Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee"), formerly as Central Bureau (中央局) before 1927, is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in, consisting of 24 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee) and one alternate; see current members of the Politburo The Politburo of the Communist Party of China (also "Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee"), formerly as Central Bureau (中央局) before 1927, is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in for a complete list.
  • The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China;
  • The Central Military Commission (a parallel organization of the government institution of the same name);
• The Central Discipline Inspection Commission, which is directly under the National Congress and on the same level with the Central Committee, charged with rooting out corruption Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved and malfeasance among party cadres.

Other central organizations include:

• General Office^[4]
• Central Organization Department;
• Propaganda Department
• International Liaison Department; and
• United Front Department

In addition, there are numerous commissions and leading groups, the most important of which are:

• Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee
• Work Committee for Organs under the Central Committee
• Work Committee for Central Government Organs
• Central Financial and Economic Leading Group
• Central Leading Group for Rural Work
• Central Leading Group for Party Building
• Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group
• Central Taiwan Affairs Leading Group
• Commission for Protection of Party Secrets
• Leading Group for State Security
• Party History Research Centre
• Party Research Center
• Central Party School

Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. The latest happened on October 19, 2005. Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution regarding policy and to elect a Central Committee The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , formerly as Central Executive Committee (中央执行委员会; Zhongyang Zhixing Weiyuanhui) before 1927, is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China elected by the Party National Congresses. The Central Committee has about 300 members and nominally appoints the Politburo of, about 300 strong. The Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo The Politburo of the Communist Party of China (also "Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee"), formerly as Central Bureau (中央局) before 1927, is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years.

The party's central focus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the positioning of portraits in the People's Daily The People's Daily , a daily newspaper, is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCP), published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. In addition to its main Chinese-language edition, it has editions in English, Japanese, French, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. As the CCP's mouthpiece, the newspaper generally, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2009.

There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (simplified Chinese: 人民解放军; traditional Chinese: 人民解放軍; pinyin: Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn) is the unified military organization of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as "PLA Day" �.

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission Central Advisory Commission (CAC) of People's Republic of China provided "political assistance and consultation" to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (中央委员会/中央委員會) established by Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping listen (simplified Chinese: 邓小平; traditional Chinese: 鄧小平; pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has been abolished since 1990.

Internal or external groupings

Political scientists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party^[5] leading to a structure which has been called "one party, two factions A political faction is a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose. It may also be referred to as a power bloc, or a voting bloc. The individuals within a faction are united in a common goal or set of common goals for the organization they".^[6] The first is the "elitist coalition" or Shanghai clique which contains mainly officials who have risen from the more prosperous provinces. The second is the "populist coalition" or "Youth League faction" which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist Youth League The Communist Youth League of China also known as the China Youth League is a youth movement of the People's Republic of China for youth between the ages of fourteen and twenty-eight, run by Communist Party of China. The league is organized on the party pattern. Its leader is its First Secretary and is also member of the party's Central Committee. The interaction between these two factions is largely complementary with each faction possessing a particular expertise and both committed to the continued rule of the Communist Party and not allowing intra-party factional politics threaten party unity. It has been noted that party and government positions have been assigned to create a very careful balance between these two groupings.

Within his "one party, two factions" model, Li Chen has noted that one should avoid labeling these two groupings with simplistic ideological labels, and that these two groupings do not act in a zero-sum, winner take all fashion. Neither group has the ability or will to dominate the other completely.^[7]

Membership

The party was small at first, but grew intermittently through the 1920s. Twelve voting delegates were seated at the 1st National Party Congress in 1921, as well as at the 2nd (in 1922), when they represented 195 party members. By 1923, the 420 members were represented by 30 delegates. The 1925 4th Congress had 20 delegates representing 994 members; then real growth kicked in. The 5th Congress (held in April-May 1927 as the KMT The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling was cracking down on communists) comprised 80 voting delegates representing 57,968 members.

It was at October 3, 1928 6th Congress that the now-familiar ‘full’ and ‘alternate’ structure originated, with 84 and 34 delegates, respectively. Membership was estimated at 40,000. In 1945, the 7th Congress had 547 full and 208 alternate delegates representing 1.21 million members, a ratio of one representative per 1,600 members as compared to 1:725 in 1927.

After the Party defeated the Nationalists, participation at National Party Congresses became much less representative. Each of the 1026 full and 107 alternate members represented 9,470 party members (10.73 million in total) at the 1956 8th Congress. Subsequent congresses held the number of participants down despite membership growing to more than 60 million by 2000.^[8]

History

Criticism and support

Opinions about the Communist Party of China often create unexpected political alliances and divisions, comparable, e.g.: to divisions among conservatives Conservatism in the United States is an umbrella term for an array of related positions on political and economic policy, generally favoring free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and anti-communism. Since the 1890s it has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party, although there were numerous conservative Democrats from the South in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language. Many of the unexpected opinions about the CPC result from its rare combination of attributes as a party formally based on Marxism Marxism is a particular political philosophy, economic and sociological worldview based upon a materialist interpretation of history, a Marxist analysis of capitalism, a theory of social change, and a view of human liberation derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The three primary aspects of Marxism are: which has eventually overseen a market economy A market economy is economy based on the power of division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand, yet maintains an authoritarian political system.

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