The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state A sovereign state is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it hard to in East Asia East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. Geographically and geo-politically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe comprising the islands of Taiwan Taiwan, also known as Formosa, is the largest island of the Republic of China in East Asia. Taiwan is located east of the Taiwan Strait, off the southeastern coast of mainland China. Since the end of World War II in 1945, the island group has been under the government of the Republic of China, Penghu 'Peng-hu' was first recorded in unofficial historical records and regional logs in 1171 during the Southern Song Dynasty. From the middle of the 17th century to 1895, Taiwan and the archipelago were ruled by pirates, the colonial Dutch Empire, the Koxinga kingdom, and the Qing Dynasty, successively, Kinmen Kinmen is a small archipelago of several islands administered by the Republic of China : Greater Kinmen (大金門), Lesser Kinmen, and some islets. Administratively, it is Kinmen County of Fujian Province, Republic of China. The county is claimed as part of Fujian's Quanzhou Prefecture by the People's Republic of China (PRC). Some islands of, Matsu The Matsu Islands are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County(連江), Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Not all of what is historically part of Lienchiang county is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China controls the part of the county adjoining the, and other minor islands This is a list of islands of the Republic of China administration (islands not administered but which are claimed by the ROC are not included on this list). All of these islands are claimed by the People's Republic of China, which are located off the east coast of mainland China Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China on the Asian mainland, excluding Hong Kong and Macau, which are under the jurisdiction of the PRC but run on different economic and political systems. The term never. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China b. ^ Information for mainland China only. Hong Kong, Macau and territories under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, are excluded (PRC) to the west, Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is to the north-east, and the Republic of the Philippines The Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. Taiwan lies north across the Luzon Strait. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest separates it from the island of Borneo and to the south the to the south.

The founding of the Republic of China began on 10 October 1911 as a result of the Wuchang Uprising The Wuchang Uprising of October 10, 1911 started the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China, but was not formally established until 1 January 1912. The ROC had once encompassed mainland China and Outer Mongolia Outer Mongolia was an administrative division of the Qing Empire. The area was roughly equivalent to that of the modern state of Mongolia. There was and is some confusion about whether Outer Mongolia only consisted of the four Khalkha aimags (Setsen Khan Aimag, Tüsheet Khan Aimag, Sain Noyon Khan Aimag and Zasagt Khan Aimag), or of Khalkha plus. At the end of World War II, with the surrender of Japan The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought hostilities in World War II to a close. By August 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively no capacity to conduct operations, and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders at the Supreme Council for the Direction, the Republic of China took over Retrocession Day is an annual observance in Taiwan to commemorate the end of 50 years of Japanese colonial rule on October 25, 1945 the island groups This is a list of islands of the Republic of China administration (islands not administered but which are claimed by the ROC are not included on this list). All of these islands are claimed by the People's Republic of China of Taiwan and Penghu from the Japanese Empire The Empire of Japan was a Japanese political entity that existed during the period from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until its defeat in World War II in 1945. With the end of the world war, the government drafted the Constitution of the Republic of China The Constitution of the Republic of China is the fundamental law of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. Drafted by the Kuomintang (KMT) as part of its third stage of national development (i.e. representative democracy), it established a centralized Republic with five branches of government. Though the Constitution was intended, which was adopted on 25 December 1947. When the Chinese Nationalist Party The Kuomintang of China , translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s. It is the founding and the ruling political party of the ROC. The headquarters of the KMT is located in Taipei, Taiwan, and it is currently the majority party in terms of seats in the (Kuomintang, KMT), the then leading party of the ROC, lost mainland China in the Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition,. The war represented an ideological split between the Western-supported Nationalist KMT and the Soviet-supported Communist CPC. In the People's Republic of China the war is more commonly known to the Communist Party of China The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is one of the world's largest political parties (CPC) in 1949, the central government relocated to Taiwan, establishing Taipei Taipei is the largest city in Taiwan and has served as the de facto capital (provisional capital) of the Republic of China (commonly known as "Taiwan") since the Chinese Civil War in 1949. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of the country as its provisional capital A temporary capital or a provisional capital is a city or town chosen by a government as an interim base of operations due to some difficulty in retaining or establishing control of a different metropolitan area. The most common circumstances leading to this are either a civil war, where control of the capital is contested, or during an invasion,.^{[11] [12]} Despite being forced out of mainland China, Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT) and Sun Yat-sen's close ally. He became the commandant of Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place in the party when the latter died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the, the Nationalist leader, declared that the ROC was still the legitimate government of China and Outer Mongolia.^{[13][neutrality is disputed]} In mainland China, the victorious Communist party founded the People's Republic of China. The Taiwan Area The "Free Area of the Republic of China" is a legal and political description referring to the territories under the control of the Republic of China . At present, it corresponds generally to the island groups of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and some minor islands. As the island of Taiwan is the main component of the Area, it is became the extent of the Republic of China's jurisdiction.

During the early Cold War The Cold War (1945–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the USSR and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never the ROC was recognized by many Western nations and the United Nations as the sole legitimate government of China. It was a founding member of the United Nations The United Nations Organization or simply United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achieving of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of^[14] and one of the five permanent members of the Security Council The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military until 1971, when it was replaced United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 recognized the representatives of the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations" and expelled the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek "from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations" by the PRC.

The PRC regards the ROC as an illegitimate state; it seeks to unify Taiwan with mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau and is ready to use force if necessary. In contrast, the Republic of China rejects PRC´s claim and views itself as a sovereign state. This tension between the two states colors most the political life in Taiwan, and any attempt at declaring formal independence is met with threats from the PRC.^[15] The PRC refuses to have diplomatic relations with countries which recognize the Republic of China; thus as of 2010, only 23 have formal diplomatic relations with the ROC.

Initially a single-party state A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system government in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election. Sometimes the term de facto single-party state is used to describe a dominant-party system where laws or practices prevent the, the Republic of China evolved into a democratic state Democracy is a political government either carried out directly by the people or by means of elected representatives of the people (Representative democracy). The term is derived from the Greek: δημοκρατία - (dēmokratía) "rule of the people", which was coined from δῆμος (dêmos) "people" and κράτος (krá during the 1980s without widespread conflict. It has a semi-presidential system The semi-presidential system, also known as the presidential-parliamentary system, or premier-presidential system, is a system of government in which a president and a prime minister are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state and universal suffrage Universal suffrage consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens (or subjects) as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens. Although suffrage has two necessary components, the right to vote and opportunities to vote, the term universal suffrage is associated only with the right to vote and. The President of the Republic of China The President of the Republic of China is the Head of State and Commander in Chief of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s). The Republic of China was founded in 1911 governing China. As a consequence of the World War II and the Chinese Civil War, however, the ROC lost control of mainland China to the Chinese communist serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces The Republic of China Armed Forces encompass the army, navy, air force and military police force of the Republic of China . It is a military establishment, which accounted for 16.8% of the central budget in the fiscal year of 2003. It was originally the National Revolutionary Army before being renamed as the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1947. The Legislative Yuan The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China (ROC), whose territory consists of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Islands serves as the legislative body. The ROC is a member of the WTO The World Trade Organization is an international organization designed by its founders to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1947 and APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries (styled 'member economies') to cooperate on regional trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation. APEC's objective is to enhance economic growth and prosperity in the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. Members account for approximately 40% of the. It is one of the Four Asian Tigers These regions were the first newly industrialized countries, noted for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. In the 21st century, all four regions have since graduated into advanced economies and high-income economies. These regions are still the world's fastest growing, and has an industrialized Industrialisation , Industrialization (American English), is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly advanced economy The term developed country is used to describe countries that have a high level of development according to some criteria. Which criteria, and which countries are classified as being developed, is a contentious issue and is surrounded by fierce debate. Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is income per capita;. The 26th-largest economy This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product , the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. The GDP dollar estimates presented here are calculated at market or government official exchange rates in the world;^[16], its advanced technology industry plays a key role in the global economy. The ROC is ranked high in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, and economic freedom.

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