An autonomous area is an area of a country A country is a geographical region considered to be the physical territory of a sovereign state, or of a smaller, or former, political division within a geographical region. Usually, but not always, a country coincides with a sovereign territory and is associated with a state, nation or government that has a degree of autonomy In the subfield of Sociology called Sociology of knowledge, controversy over the boundaries of autonomy stopped at the concept of relative autonomy , until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within science and technology studies (MARANHÃO, 2005; 2006; 2007; SOBRAL & MARANHÃO, 2008). According to it, the contemporary form of, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the country or is populated by a national minority A minority is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant voting majority of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority — it may include any group that is subnormal with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and. Countries that include autonomous areas are often federacies A federacy is a form of government where one or several substate units enjoy considerably more independence than the majority of the substate units. To some extent, such an arrangement can be considered as similar to asymmetric federalism. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies and local autonomies.

For a list of autonomous areas, see List of autonomous areas by country This list of autonomous areas arranged by country gives an overview of autonomous areas of the world. An autonomous area is defined as an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority. It is typical for it to be geographically distant from the country, or to be populated by a national minority and List of territorial autonomies.

Contemporary

Many autonomous areas lie within two of the world's largest countries, People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible and Russia Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə] ( listen)), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic,.

Iraq

Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan or Kurdistan Region is an autonomous Region of Iraq. It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the south. Its capital is the city of Arbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr. The Region is officially governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government is the only region which has gained official recognition internationally as an autonomous federal entity. It has been referred to as a quasi-independent state.^[1][2]

Southern Sudan

Under the terms of the deal with Republic of Sudan, the Southern Sudan has been given a large degree of autonomy, and the chance to vote for full independence in 2011 after six years of home rule.

China

China (PRC) has five types of autonomous areas.

Autonomous banner

Found only as divisions of Inner Mongolia In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union's titular nations, a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China . These areas are recognized in the PRC's constitution and are nominally given a number of rights not accorded to other administrative divisions. The. In effect, these are autonomous counties (see below).

Autonomous county

The most numerous type of autonomous area in China, found both within and outside the larger autonomous prefectures and regions.

Autonomous prefecture

China has 30 prefectures that are autonomous, mostly in the periphery of the country.

Autonomous region

A first-level administrative subdivision of China. There are five ARs in China. They are Inner Mongolia AR Inner Mongolia is a Mongol autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the Republic of Mongolia, (Outer Mongolia) and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou, Tibet AR The Tibet Autonomous Region , also called Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibetan: ; Wylie: Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs; simplified Chinese: 西藏自治区; traditional Chinese: 西藏自治區; pinyin: Xīzàng Zìzhìqū is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Ningxia Hui AR Ningxia is bounded by Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and Inner Mongolia autonomous region and has an area of 66,400 km2. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was detached and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people in 1958. In 1969, Ningxia received a part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, but, Xinjiang Uyghur AR Xinjiang is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China and also claimed by the Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil, and Guangxi Zhuang AR Guangxi is an autonomous region (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China, created specifically for the Zhuang people. Regardless of the names, these regions are in fact less autonomous than the special administrative regions of China.

Special administrative region

Although not autonomous in name, in practice China's special administrative regions (Hong Kong Hong Kong[note 3] is one of two special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China; the other is Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven and Macau Macau , also known as Macao (pronounced /məˈkaʊ/) is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea in the east and south) enjoy a high degree of autonomy.

Russia

Apart from its republics The Russian Federation is divided into 83 federal subjects , 21 of which are republics. The republics represent areas of non-Russian ethnicity. The indigenous ethnic group of a republic that gives each republic its name is the "titular nationality". Due to decades (in some cases centuries) of internal migration inside Russia, each, which by definition have a degree of autonomy, Russia has two types of autonomies:

Autonomous okrug

Okrug Okrug is an administrative division of some Slavic states. The word "okrug" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "district", or "region" is a transliterated Transliteration is the practice of converting a text from one writing system into another in a systematic way. An example of transliteration is typing an e-mail using a qwerty keyboard and sending it in a non-qwerty script Slavic The Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia loanword By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept, whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque is a loanword from French usually translated as "district". The sizes of okrugs, however, vary more widely than other areas commonly identified as "districts", from large first-level divisions to third-level divisions within cities Country subdivision refers to the division of a sovereign state's territory for the sake of its administration, description or other such purpose. The resulting units of division are known generically as "country subdivisions". Unlike geographical or geomorphological areas such as basins, deserts, valleys and the like, country. As of 2008, Russia has four autonomous okrugs.

Autonomous oblast

Oblast Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries, including some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region". The last translation may lead to confusion, because is a transliterated Slavic loanword usually understood to mean "province". As of 2006, one autonomous oblast exists: the Jewish Autonomous Oblast Jewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous oblast) situated in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast of Russia and Heilongjiang province of China. Its administrative center is Birobidzhan.

Other countries

The other types of autonomous areas to be found in the world are:

Autonomous city

Four cities are formally designated by their countries as autonomous: the capital A capital city is the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status; although there are exceptions, a capital is almost always a city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and is fixed by law. An alternate term is political capital, but this phrase has a second of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south, Tashkent Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was 2.1 million. Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million; the capital of Belgium Belgium (pronounced /ˈbɛldʒəm/ , BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it, Brussels Brussels (French: Bruxelles, pronounced [bʁysɛl] ; Dutch: Brussel, pronounced [ˈbrʏsəl] (help·info)), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (help·info)), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in; the Spanish Spain (pronounced /ˈspeɪn/ spayn; Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for exclaves In political geography, an enclave is a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory of Ceuta and Melilla The plazas de soberanía , formerly referred to as "África Septentrional Española" (Spanish North Africa) or simply "África Española" (Spanish Africa) are the current Spanish territories in continental North Africa bordering Morocco, except the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla; and the Argentine The Argentine claims in Antarctica along with the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands (administered by the United Kingdom) shown in light green capital, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires. Another Argentine city that has been pressing for autonomous status is Rosario Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located 300 km northwest of Buenos Aires, on the western shore of the Paraná River and has 1,159,004 residents as of the 2001 census [INDEC]. It is the third largest city in Argentina by its population because of the growing and important metropolitan area. It also retains, a city of around one million inhabitants that receives less subsidy A subsidy is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry (e.g., as a result of continuous unprofitable operations) or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourage it to hire than the smaller provincial capital Santa Fe Santa Fe is the capital city of province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It sits in northeastern Argentina, near the junction of the Paraná and Salado rivers. It lies opposite the city of Paraná, to which it is linked by the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel. The city is also connected by canal with the port of Colastiné on the Paraná River. Santa Fe has.

Autonomous commune

Bangui Bangui is the capital of and the largest city in the Central African Republic. The majority of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, near Bangui. Though located within Ombella-M'Poko prefecture, it is an independent commune, and thus politically independent of the surrounding prefecture, the capital of the Central African Republic, is described as an autonomous commune (commune autonome).

Autonomous community

The region-like areas into which Spain's provinces are grouped are known as autonomous communities (comunidades autónomas), as are the three atolls constituting the New Zealand territory of Tokelau.

Autonomous province

Six countries formally designate areas of their territory as autonomous provinces:

• The Åland Islands, a part of Finland.
• The provinces of Trento (or Trentino) and Bolzano-Bozen (or Alto Adige-South Tyrol) in Italy.
• The Bougainville province in Papua New Guinea.
• Jeju-do, a South Korean offshore island.
• Vojvodina in Serbia (Kosovo is also regarded an autonomous province by Serbia and UN Security Council Resolution 1244, although it declared unilaterally its independence in 2008)

Autonomous region

In addition to the autonomous regions of China mentioned above, various other areas of the world are formally described as autonomous regions:

• the Faroe Islands and Greenland,^[3] two autonomous regions within the Kingdom of Denmark.
• Rodrigues, an autonomous dependency within the Republic of Mauritius.
• the seven autonomous regions of India.
• the five "autonomous regions with special statute" in Italy: Sicily, Sardinia, Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
• the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the Azores and Madeira).
• Mount Athos in Greece.
• Zelaya in Nicaragua.
• the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, within the Philippines.
• the five municipalities, or caracoles in Chiapas, in the southeast of Mexico.
• Nunatsiavut, a self-governing region of Labrador Inuit in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
• The Nisga'a of British Columbia and Tli Cho of the Northwest Territories have self-government as a result of treaties.

Autonomous republic

In addition to the Russian republics mentioned above, areas known as "autonomous republics" exist within some of the countries established following the end of the Soviet Union:

• the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic within Azerbaijan.
• Abkhazia and the Autonomous Republic of Adjaria within Georgia.
• the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province within Tajikistan.
• the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine.
• the Karakalpakstan Republic within Uzbekistan.

The Palestinian Authority within Israel exercises certain sovereign powers within its borders, but is not a fully independent government. The PA-administrated territories are internationally recognized as occupied by Israel, and not a proper part of that country.

Autonomous sector

The Bissau Region, in which Guinea-Bissau's capital Bissau is found, is described as an "autonomous sector" (sector autónomo).

Special woreda

In Ethiopia, "special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas or districts that are organized around the traditional homelands of an ethnic minority, and are under outside the usual hierarchy of a Region or kilil. These woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries.

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