Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible (PRC) on the Asian mainland. This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong Hong Kong[note 3] is one of two special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China; the other is Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven and Macau Macau , also known as Macao (pronounced /məˈkaʊ/) is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea in the east and south.[1]
There are two terms in Chinese for "mainland". Namely, Dalu (simplified Chinese Simplified Chinese Characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo for use in Mainland China. It is one of many standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in Mainland China has promoted them for use in printing in an: 大陆; traditional Chinese Traditional Chinese characters refers to Chinese characters in any of the standard sets of Chinese characters which are not the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo or Tōyō kanji. It most commonly refers to characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong, or in the Kangxi Dictionary. The modern shapes of traditional: 大陸), which means continent, and Neidi (Chinese Chinese or the Sinitic language (汉语／漢語 Hànyǔ; 华语／華語 Huáyǔ; 中文 Zhōngwén) is a language family consisting of languages which are mostly mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages: 内地), literally inner land. In the PRC, the usage of the two terms are generally interchangeable and there is no prescribed method of reference in any jurisdiction. To emphasize "equal footing" in cross-strait relations Cross-Strait relations refers to the relations between mainland China, which sits to the west of the Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan, which sits to the east; especially the relations between their respective governments, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC), the term is used in official contexts with reference to Taiwan, with the PRC referring to itself as "the mainland side" (as opposed to "the Taiwan side"). But in its relations with Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as "the Central People's Government".
In Taiwan, the term "mainland China" is often used to refer to the PRC (Hong Kong and Macau excluded), especially by the Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling (KMT, "Chinese Nationalist Party") and its supporters, who share the view that China encompasses both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Since the KMT was the long-time ruling party in Taiwan, the term is in mainstream use in Taiwan and often has no political implications. In contrast, supporters of Taiwan independence Taiwan independence is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create an independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan out of the lands currently governed by the Republic of China (commonly known as "Taiwan") and claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) will refer to the PRC as "China", intending Taiwan to represent a separate place or political entity and avoid the term mainland China because it implies that Taiwan is part of China.
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Background
By 1949 1949 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, the Communist Party of China The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the world's largest political party's People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (simplified Chinese: 人民解放军; traditional Chinese: 人民解放軍; pinyin: Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn) is the unified military organization of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as "PLA Day" had largely defeated the Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling's National Revolutionary Army The National Revolutionary Army (simplified Chinese: 国民革命军; traditional Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: Guómín Gémìng Jūn, sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the Military Arm of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMT's period of party rule in the fight on the Chinese mainland The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition. The war represented an ideological split between the Western-supported Nationalist KMT and the Soviet-supported Communist CPC. In the People's Republic of China the war is more commonly known. This forced the Kuomintang to relocate the Government and institutions The Republic of China , the first democracy of Asia, was formally established by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1912 in Nanjing under the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China but this government was moved to Beijing in the same year and continued as the internationally recognized government of China until 1928. In the history of the Republic of of the Republic of China The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia comprising the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands located off the east coast of mainland China. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south to the relative safety of Taiwan Taiwan, also known as Formosa , is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It has comprised most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" has also become a commonly used alternative name both domestically and, an island which was ceded to China after the surrender The surrender of Japan brought hostilities in World War II to an end. By August 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively no capacity to conduct operations, and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders at the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War were of the Japanese Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is in 1945. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible on October 1 October 1 is the 274th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 91 days remaining until the end of the year, 1949 1949 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, the CPC-controlled Government saw itself as the sole legitimate government of China[2], competing with the claims of the Republic of China The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia comprising the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands located off the east coast of mainland China. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south, whose authority is now limited to Taiwan and other islands The "free area of the Republic of China" is a legal and political description referring to the territories under the control of the Republic of China . At present, it corresponds generally to the island groups of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and some minor islands. As the island of Taiwan is the main component of the area, it is. This has resulted in a situation in which two co-existing governments In 1912, Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution and the Republic of China was established by revolutionists led by Dr Sun Yat-sen. It was ruled by the Kuomintang as a single-party state. In 1921, the Communist Party of China was founded in Shanghai compete for international legitimacy and recognition China's seat in the United Nations and membership of the United Nations Security Council has been occupied by the People's Republic of China since October 25, 1971. The representatives of the PRC first attended the UN, including the United Nations Security Council, as China's representatives on November 23, 1971. China's seat in all UN organs had as the "Government of China".
The term "mainland China" emerged as a politically neutral term to refer to the area under control of the Communist Party of China, and later to the administration of the PRC itself. Until the late 1970s, both the PRC and ROC envisioned a military takeover of the other. During this time the ROC referred to the PRC government as "Communist Bandits" (共匪) while the PRC referred to the ROC as "Chiang Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China Bandits" (蔣匪). Later, as a military solution became less feasible, the ROC referred to the PRC as "Communist China" (中共). With the democratization of Taiwan in the 1990s, the term mainland China soon grew to mean not only the area under the control of the Communist Party of China, but also a more neutral means to refer to the People's Republic of China government; this usage remains prevalent by the KMT today.
Due to their statuses as colonies of foreign states during the establishment of the People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible in 1949 1949 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, the term "mainland China" excludes Hong Kong Hong Kong[note 3] is one of two special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China; the other is Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven and Macau Macau , also known as Macao (pronounced /məˈkaʊ/) is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea in the east and south.[3] Since the return of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, referred to as the Return by Chinese and the Handover by British press, took place on 1 July 1997. The event marked the end of British rule, and the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong back to Chinese rule and 1999 The transfer of sovereignty of Macau from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China occurred on 20 December 1999, respectively, the two territories have retained their legal, political, and economic systems. The territories also have their distinct identities. Therefore "mainland China" generally continues to exclude these territories, because of the "One country, two systems "One country, two systems" is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping, then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China , for the reunification of China during the early 1980s. He suggested that there would be only one China, but areas such as Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan could have their own capitalist economic and political" policy adopted by the PRC central government The State Council , which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government (Chinese: 中央人民政府) after 1954, is the chief administrative authority (Cabinet) of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the Premier and includes the heads of each governmental department and agency. There are about 50 members in the Council towards the regions.[4] The term is also used in economic indicators, such as the IMD The International Institute for Management Development is a non profit business school located in Lausanne, Switzerland Competitiveness Report.
Outside of East Asia, "mainland China" is almost only used as a geographical term and does not carry any political implications. It is used when the distinction between the special administrative regions and the mainland needs to be made. "China" is also used to refer to mainland China (as well as to the People's Republic of China as a whole).
Usage of the term
The term is usually capitalized mainland China (or the mainland).
In Taiwan
In Taiwan Taiwan, also known as Formosa , is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It has comprised most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" has also become a commonly used alternative name both domestically and, the term "Mainlander Mainlanders are people who live in a region considered a "mainland". It is frequently used in the context of areas ruled by the People's Republic of China, referring to people from mainland China as opposed to other areas controlled by the state such as Hong Kong or Macau" can also refer to waishengren (Chinese Chinese or the Sinitic language (汉语／漢語 Hànyǔ; 华语／華語 Huáyǔ; 中文 Zhōngwén) is a language family consisting of languages which are mostly mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages: 外省人; pinyin Pinyin , or more formally Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音 / 漢語拼音), is currently the most commonly used romanization system for Standard Mandarin (标准普通话 / 標準普通話). Hànyǔ (汉语 / 漢語) means the Chinese language, and pīnyīn (拼音) means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or ": wàishěngrén; literally "external province person(s)"), which are the people who immigrated to Taiwan from mainland China with the Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling (KMT) around the end of the Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition. The war represented an ideological split between the Western-supported Nationalist KMT and the Soviet-supported Communist CPC. In the People's Republic of China the war is more commonly known in 1949, as well as their descendants born in Taiwan. The status of waishengren in Taiwan is a divisive political issue. For many years mainlanders were given special treatment by the KMT government which had imposed martial law Martial law is the imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated regions on an emergency basis—usually only temporary—when the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively , when there are extensive riots and protests, or when the disobedience of the law becomes widespread. In most cases, on Taiwan. More recently, pro-Taiwan independence politicians calling into question their loyalty and devotion to Taiwan and pro-Chinese reunification Chinese reunification refers to the bringing together of all of the territories controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) under a single political entity. After Hong Kong and Macau were reunited with mainland China under the rule of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the only outstanding goal for politicians accusing the pro-independence politicians of playing identity politics.[5] The term "Mainlander" can also refer to daluren (simplified Chinese Simplified Chinese Characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo for use in Mainland China. It is one of many standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in Mainland China has promoted them for use in printing in an: 大陆人; traditional Chinese Traditional Chinese characters refers to Chinese characters in any of the standard sets of Chinese characters which are not the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo or Tōyō kanji. It most commonly refers to characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong, or in the Kangxi Dictionary. The modern shapes of traditional: 大陸人; pinyin Pinyin , or more formally Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音 / 漢語拼音), is currently the most commonly used romanization system for Standard Mandarin (标准普通话 / 標準普通話). Hànyǔ (汉语 / 漢語) means the Chinese language, and pīnyīn (拼音) means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or ": dàlùrén; literally "mainland person(s)"), meaning people who live in mainland China.
In Hong Kong and Macau
In Hong Kong and Macau, the term "mainland China" and "mainlander" is frequently used for people from China mainland. This usage is not geographically accurate, however, as much of the land area of both Hong Kong and Macau are peninsulas connected to the continent. The Chinese term 內地, meaning the inland but still translated mainland in English, is commonly applied by SAR governments to represent non-SAR areas of PRC, including Hainan and coastal regions of mainland China, such as "Constitutional and Mainland Affairs" (政制及內地事務局)[6] and Immigration Departments.[7]
In mainland China
In the PRC, the term 內地 ("Inland") is often separated by the external term (國外) or (外國) for things outside of the mainland region. Examples include "Administration of Foreign-funded Banks" (中華人民共和國外資銀行管理條例) or the "Measures on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions" (外國保險機構駐華代表機構管理辦法).[4]
In Hainan
Hainan Hainan (Chinese: 海南; pinyin: Hǎinán , Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hái-lâm, jyutping: Hoi2 Naam4 literal meaning: "South of the Sea") is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although the province comprises some two hundred islands scattered among three archipelagos off the southern coast, all but three percent of its is an offshore island, therefore geographically not part of the continental mainland. Nevertheless, politically it is common practice to consider it part of the mainland because its government, legal and political systems do not differ from the rest of People's Republic of China b. ^ Simple characterizations of the political structure since the 1980s are no longer possible in the geographical mainland. Hainanese people routinely refer Hainan as China, and consider themselves mainlanders.
In Tibet
Tibetans often refer to the Han Chinese regions of China as 內地 or 大陆 when speaking Chinese. These vocabulary choices are viewed as more politically correct than the terminology commonly used in the Tibetan language to distinguish between ethnic Tibetan regions (བོད་) and China (རྒྱ་ནག་).
Others
Other use of geography-related terms are also often used where neutrality is required.
| Simplified Chinese | Traditional Chinese | Pinyin | Jyutping | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 两岸关系 | 兩岸關係 | liǎng'àn guānxì | loeng5 ngon6 gwaan1 hai6 | Reference to the Taiwan Strait (Cross-Strait relations, literally "relations between the two sides/shores [of the Strait of Taiwan]") |
| 海峡两岸 | 海峽兩岸 | Hǎixiá liǎng'àn | hoi2 haap6 loeng5 ngon6 | The physical shores on both sides of the straits, may be translated as "two shores". |
| 两岸三地 | 兩岸三地 | liǎng'àn sāndì | loeng5 ngon6 saam1 dei6 | An extension of this is the term "two shores, three places", with "three places" meaning mainland China (大陸/大陆), Taiwan (臺灣/台湾) and Hong Kong/Macau (港澳/港澳). |
| 两岸四地 | 兩岸四地 | liǎng'àn sìdì | loeng5 ngon6 sei3 dei6 | When referring to either Hong Kong or Macau, or "two shores, four places" when referring to both Hong Kong (香港) and Macau (澳門/澳门) |
See also
References
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=eq119vbyzLAC&pg=PA47
- ^ Jeshurun, Chandran. [1993] (1993). China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9813016612. pg 146.
- ^ So, Alvin Y. Lin, Nan. Poston, Dudley L. Contributor Professor, So, Alvin Y. [2001] (2001). The Chinese Triangle of mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0313308691.
- ^ a b LegCo. "Legislative council HK." Mainland Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Bill. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
- ^ Apdrc.org. "Apdrc.org." Taiwan's Identity Politics. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
- ^ Cmab.gov.hk. "Cmab.gov.hk." Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
- ^ Chinese version, English version, Statistics on Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents and Professionals (输入内地人才计划数据资料), Immigration Department (Hong Kong).
- http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/World-Competitiveness-Yearbook-2008-Results.cfm
- http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf
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Thu, 19 Aug 2010 11:07:13 GMT+00:00
MarketWatch (press release) Backed by Haier's strong brand presence and an abundance of sales channels throughout Mainland China , HELI has experienced strong growth since its inception ...
Tuttle
Sat, 28 Aug 2010 12:05:00 GM
The Bund is, according to my Lonely Planet city guide (29690 W at Bandi & Luni's), ". Mainland China's. most iconic concession-era backdrop and a source of intense local pride ... Coming to Shanghai and missing the Bund is like visiting ...
Q. Is it because that they are more caring, loving, able to cook well and good in bed, that is why many Singaporean man would willing to give up their marriage to be with one? Are they that superior comparing to Singapore woman?
Asked by Minky - Fri Aug 20 12:57:15 2010 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments
A. All woman in the world are of same category, u cannot differentiate on grounds of region, colour or language...relations differ just because MAN is unfaithful animal...Females are, more or less, faithful to their partners, but a MAN always look for more pleasure around...its not the fault of any Singaporean or Indian woman, facing hard time to bind the marriage...
Answered by Ranjan - Fri Aug 20 13:00:34 2010
